|
Agm_r
^mfm g§J«h
1963 B©0
_| Agm_r nwñVH$mo§ Ho$ g§J«hm| Ed§ g§gmYZ Ho$ {bE
amï´>r` nwñVH$mb` _| EH$ n¥WH$ à^mJ
H$s ñWmnZm H$r JB©& dV©_mZ _| Bg à^mJ
_| 12,000 nwñVH|$
h¢Ÿ& BZ g§J«hmo _| 1840 VWm 1900
Ho$ Hw$N> àH$meZ
h¢ & Hw$N> _hËdnyU© àH$meZ h¢
… AmZ§Xam_ S>obo{H$`mb \y$H$Z H$s Ag{_`m bama {_Ìm
( 1849), Y_}ída
Jmoñdm_r H$s bma~moY ì`mH$aU (1884),
àmH¥$V
^yJmob bå~moXa XÎm (1884)
VWm e§H$aXod
Ho$ H$sÎm©Z H$m Hw$N> I§S>, AZ{H$`mZ§V
Am{X ^r Bg à^mJ _| CnbãY h¢Ÿ& Aê$UmoX`
n{ÌH$m Ho$ I§S> (1846 -1853,
1856 -1858) ^r BZ
g§H$bZmo _| CnbãY h¡ & |
Aê$UmoX`
n{ÌH$m |
|
|
~§Jbm
^mfm g§J«h
nwñVH$mb` Ho$
~§Jbm g§J«h _| 85,000
nwñVHo$ h¡§
& Bg g§J«h
_| H$m\$s Xwb©^
VWm H$s_Vr nwñVH$m| Ho$ gmW-gmW 18
dt eXr Ho$ A§{V_
{V_mhr _| àH$m{eV nÌ-n{ÌH$mE§ h¢
& àmMrZ ~§Jbm ZmQ>H$ VWm CnÝ`mg BgHo$
g§J«h H$s EH$ AÀN>r PbH$ h¡ &
BgHo$ g§J«h _| H$B© Xwb©^ gm_{J«`m±
h¢ {Og_| eaV MÝÐ MQ>²Q>monmÜ`m`,
{d^y{V ^yfU ~§ÕmonmÜ`m`, OrdZmZ§X Xmg VWm
{dîUw Xo H$r nmÊSw>{b{n`m± h¢, ZoVmOr
gw^mf MÝÐ ~mog H$m AnZo ^VrOo lr AemoH$ ZmW ~mog H$m
154 nÌ
VWm eaV MÝÐ ~mog H$o nÌ Bg g§J«h
_| CnbãY h¡o & g§J«h _| a{dÝÐZmW Q>¡Jmoa
Ho$ Hw$N> àma§{^H$ H$m`m| H$mo N>mo‹S>H$a
gånyU© l§¥IbmE§ CnbãY h¢
&
Bg g§J«h _| Hw$N> Xwb©^ VWm _hËdnyU©
H$m`© h¢ … ZoWm{Z`mb ~«mgo H$m ~§Jbm
^mfm ì`mH$aU (1778) Omo ~§Jbm _| _w{ÐV g~go
nwamZr nwñVH|$ h¡§ & hoZar \$moañQ>ma
H$m Xmo ^mJ _| eãXmdbr, A§J«oOr Am¡a
~§Jbm (1799), {d{b`_ H¡$ar H$m g§dmX, ~§Jmbr
^mfm ( 1801)
H$mo gwgmÜ` go g§~§{YV g§J«hU am_ ~gw
H$m amXm àVmVm{XË` M[aÌ .....(1801),
H$s{V©dmg nm§S>m| H$r n«H$meZ am_ Xmg Ûmam
AZy{XV _hm^maV (1802) M§S>r MaU _w§er H$m VmoVm
B{Vhmg (1805), O` Zmam`U Ymofmb H$m lr H$ê$Um{ZYmZ{dbmg
(1814),~§Jbm
^mfm H$m {d{b`_ H¡$ar H$m eãXH$moe {OgHo$ eãXm|
H$mo CZHo$ _yb VWm {d{dY AWm} _| ImoOm h¡ , H$m -- 2 I§S> ( 1815-1825)&
Bg g§J«h _| ~§Jbm Amd¥{Îm`m|
Ho$ 400 erf©H$
h¢ {Og_| 19 dt eVmãXr Ho$ H$m\$s Xwb©^
Amd¥{V`m§ gpå_{bV h¢ & àW_ ~§Jbm
_m{gH$ {XJXe©Z (1818) VWm g_mMma Xn©U (1831) -- H$m
àW_ ~§Jbm gmám{hH$ H$m àW_ A§H$
BgHo$ g§J«h
_| XoIm Om gH$Vm
h¡ &
nwñVH$mb` Ûmam
~§Jbm nwñVH$m| Ho$ Mma I§S>m| H$m H¡$Q>bm±J
àH$m{eV {H$`m J`m h¢ & |
~§Jbm
ì`mH$aU nwñVH$(1778) ZoWm{Z`mb ~«mgo
Ûmam |
|
|
JwOamVr
^mfm g§J«h
nwñVH$mb` _|
37,000 JwOamVr
nwñVHo$ h¡o & Bg g§J«h _| 1900
B©0
Ho$ nhbo Ho$ àH$m{eV bJ^J 1100
Xwb©^ JwOamVr
erf©H$ h¢ & BgHo$ g§J«h _| 1936
go
1956 Ad{Y H$r H$mZy
XogmB© Ûmam àH$m{eV noqQ>J Ho$ 30 àmMrZ
O¡Z {_{Z`oMa noqQ>J H$m lr O¡Z {MÌ nVdmbr
H$m {\$a go V¡`ma {H$`m J`m H$m\$s AÀN>m n|qQ>J
g§J«h , lr O¡Z {MÌ nVdmbr
VWm gmam ^mB© Zdm~ Ûmam g§nm{XV AÝ` _wë`dmZ
nwñVH|$ h¡ § & _Ü`H$mbrZ JwOamVr H${d`m|
Ho$ H${dVmË_H$ H$m`© O¡go Za{gÝh _ohVm
, _ram~mB© , ào_MÝÐ VWm í`m_b ^Q²>Q>
H$o à_m{UV g§ñH$aU Bg g§J«h Ho$ AÀN>o à{V{Z{YËd
H$aVo h¢ &
g§J«h _| CnbìY Hw$N> Xwb©^
erf©H$ O¡go am~Q>© S´>å_moÝS>g
H$m ì`mH$a{UH$ amOnÌH$ ^mJ H$m Ñï>mÝV,
_amR>r Am¡a A§J«oOr ^mfmE§ (1808), ~mnyemaÌr
nmS>`m am`H${d Ûmam Amogmono H$m nm¡am{UH$ H$Wm
H$m AZwdmX (1818), ES>oëOr nQ>ob H$m gwaV^Ur Ëdm[aI
(1890) VWm 9
I§S>m| _|
O¡Z MH«$ H$m JwOamVr B§gmBŠbmonr{S>`m
g§J«h CnbãY h¡ §
& |
|
|
{hÝXr
^mfm à^mJ
{hÝXr ^maV
H$r amO^mfm h¡ & {hÝXr nwñVH$mo §
H$m g§J«h {Z_m©U Bånr[a`b bm`~«oar
Ho$ g_` go hr àma§^ h¡ & EH$ n¥WH$
à^mJ 1960 B©0 _| ñWm{nV {H$`m J`m &
dV©_mZ _| nwñVH$mb` g§J«h _| 80,000
{hÝXr H$r
nwñVH|$ h¡ & 18 dt eVmãXr Ho$ A§{V_
XeH$ Ho$ Xm¡amZ Xwb©^ àH$meZ H$m`m} Ho$ g§J«h CnbãY h¡ §
& b„ybmb, H$bH$Îmm Ho$ àW_ _wÐH$, àH$meH$
Ed§ boIH$ Ûmam H$B© àH$m{eV àH$meZ|
Bg g§J«h H$s EH$ AÀN>r à{V{Z{YËd
H$aVr h¡ & b„ybmb Ûmam àH$m{eV {ZåZ{b{IV
Xwb©^ nwñVH$ h¡o -- ~«O ^mfm ì`mH$aU
(1811), bVr\o
{hÝXr (1821) VWm amOZr{V (1827), ào_ gmJa (1842).
Cn`w©º$
àH$meZmoo§ Ho$ A{V[aº$, nwñVH$mb` _|
Om±Z ~r0 {JbH«$mBñQ>
(1798) Ûmam
àmÀ` ^mfm {dkmZ _| àgma g§~§{YV
A§J«oOr Am¡a {hÝXwñVmZr VWm {hÝXwñVmZr
Am¡a A§J«oOr eãXmdbr (1798), Om±Z ~r0
{JbH«$mBñQ> H$m {hÝXr-amo_Z H$m _yb ewÕmoƒmaU
(1804), Zam`U
n§pS>V Ûmam amO{Z{V (1809),
hmbYmam Xmg Ûmam
gwXm_m {MÌ (1819), amJ H$mbnmÐþ_ (1843), S>§H$Z
\$moãg© H$m ~¡Vmb nMrgr (1861),
Q>r0
Q>r0 WmångZ H$m {hÝXr Am¡a
A§J«oOr H$m eãXH$moe (1862),
hyna {d{b`_ H$m `dZ
^mfm H$m ì`mH$aU (1874), {ed {gåhm goZmJa H$m {ed
{gåhm gamoO (1878), ~mbH¥$îU ^Q²>Q>
Ûmam g§nm{XV {hÝXr àXrn (1877-1909), {hÝXr
_| gy`© nÕ{V H$m g§{já boIm (1940), VWm
"~mb ~mo{YZr' H$m _mB©H«$mo{\$ë_
à{V (1874 -1877)-- ^maVoÝXw h[aíMÝÐ
Ûmam g§nm{XV _{hbm H$s _m{gH$ n{ÌH$m CnbãY
h¡ & BgHo$ g§J«h _| bJ^J 1200
_hËdnyU©
n{ÌH$mAm| Ho$ àW_ A§H$ ^r h¡§ &
Bg à^mJ _|
_¡{Wbr nwñVH$m| H$s ^r EH$ AÀN>r g§»`m
h¢ & |
|
_w»`
n¥ï> (Cna) Ed§ àW_ n¥ï> (ZrMo)
b„wbmb ào_ go (1842) |
|
|
|
H$Þ‹S>
^mfm g§J«h
amï´>r`
nwñVmH$b` _| EH$ n¥WH$ H$Þ‹S> à^mJ
1963 B©0
_| Imobm, J`m Omo H$Þ‹S> ^mfm _| àH$m{eV
nwñVH|$ VWm AÝ` gm_{J«`mo§ H$m g§J«h VWm n[aajU H$aVm h¡ &1960 B©0
_| nwñVH$mb` Ûmam EM0 MmZMHo$œ A`§Jma
Ho$ ì`{º$JV g§J«h H$s IarX H$s JB© & Bg g§J«h _| 19
dt eVmãXr
Ho$ A§{V_ Xmo XeH$m| VWm 20dt eVmãXr Ho àW_
VrZ XeH$m| Ho$ ~rM H$s eVmãXr H$s 1300
nwñVH| h¢
& H$Þ‹S> Ho$ »`m{V àmá
boIH$ Or0 nr0 amOaVZ_ H$s nwñVH|$ nwñVH$mb`
Ho$ H$Þ‹S> g§J«h H$s _hËdnyU© Yamoha h¡
& S>r0 ~r0 EoŠQ> bmJy hmoZo Ho$
~mX Bg A{Y{Z`_ H r à{V OmJéH$Vm bmZo Ho$ CÔoí`
go amOaVZ_ Zo _¡gya amÁ` H$m Xm¡am {H$`m &
nwñVH$mb` H$s Va\$ go CÝhm|Zo bJ^J 1,500
nwñVH|$ g§J{«hV H$s Am¡a nwñVmH$b` H$mo
{~Zm H$moB© ì`` H$am`o Bgo nwñVH$mb` H$mo
CnbãY H$am`m & Bg nwñVmH$b` _| H$Þ‹S>
g§J«h H$Zm©Q>H$ Ho$ gm§ñH¥${VH$
B{Vhmg Ho$ AÜ``Z Ho$ {bE H$m\$s bm^Xm`H$ h¡ &
dV©_mZ _o§
nwñVmH$b` _| H$Þ‹S> H$s 32,000
nwñVH|$ h¢
& |
|
|
H$í_rar
^mfm g§J«h
H$í_rar à^mJ
1983
_| ñdV§Ì én go J{R>V hþAm
& A^r nwñVmH$b` _| H$í_rar H$s 500 nwñVH|
h¢ & Bg g§J«h _| Hw$N> _hËdnyU©
àH$meZ| Bg àH$ma h¢ … _mohå_X `wgy\$
V|J H$m {e[aV H$bm_ (2 I§S) Jwbm_ _mohå_X a{\$H$ Ûmam
g§H${bV ì`ma, Jwbm_ Z{d »`mb H$m AI Z§XZ,ZyaZm_m
(ZyéÔrZ dmbr H$s n¡Jm_) VWm _mohå_X
A{_Z H$m`_ Ûmam g§H${bV, \¡$Ob VWm H$í_rar
H$m H¥$îU brbm & |
|
|
_b`mb_
^mfm g§J«h
_b`mb_ à^mJ
EH$ n¥WH$ à^mJ Ho$ én _| 1963
B©0
_| amîQ´>r` nwñVH$mb` _| J{R>V {H$`m
J`m & Cg g_` Bg à^mJ _| 5,000
nwñVH| Wt
& A^r Bg g§H$bZ _| 34,500 {H$Vm~o§ h¢ &
BgHo$ g§J«h _| 1791 Ho$ nhbo H$s àMrZV_ _w{ÐV
nwñVH$| h¢, g|Q>_ ES>m{J`m _mbm~[aH$m _b`mb_
bmoH$mo{º$`m| H$m b¡{Q>Z AZwdmX ^r BgHo$ g§J«h _| h¡ & _b`mb_ H$s
_m¡{bH$ VWm b¡{Q>Z AZwdmX XmoZm| {H$Zmao-{H$Zmao
_w{ÐV h¢ & H$B© Xwb©^ VWm nwamZr nwñVH
m| Ho$ A{V[aº$ {ZåZ{b{IV H$m`m| na H$s JB© gm_{J«`m§
^r h¡§ {OZ_| … _mbm~ma ^mfm H$m amo~Q>©
S®>_moÝS²>g H$m ì`mH$aU (1799),
S>m0 Jw§S>mB© H$m _b`mb_
--A§J«oOr eãXH$moe (1872) na_mMH$b JmodZo{Xa¸$Z
H$m dV©_mZnwñVH_² , Aßny ZoS>yZmS>r
H$m H$y§XbVm VWm MmÝVy _oZZ H$m BÝXwboIm (1889)
& BZHo$ A{V[aº$ BgHo$ g§J«h _| àma§{^H$ Ad{Y Ho$ H$B©
à{V{ZYmVmË_H$ H$m`© AnbìY h¢ &
CZ_o § Hw$N> h¢ … am_H$[aV_, (g~go àmMrZ
_mZo OmZo dmbo _b`mb_ H$m`©), {ZamZ_ Ho$ H$m`© (15 dt
eVmãXr Ho$ H${d), goégar H$m H¥$îUJmWm
(16dr§
eVmãXr), dQ>¸$_ nÎmwH$b (CÎmar _mbm~ma
H$s bmoH$e¡br Z¥Ë`), BOwQ>H$Z H$m AÜ`mË_
am_m`U, am_màmÎmw d[a`ma H$m Hy$gobdV©_, Hw§$H$Z
Zm_ß`ma H$m Qy>bmob & |
|
|
_amR>>r
^mfm g§J«h
_amR>>r à^mJ
amï´>r` nwñVmH$b` _| _amR>r nwñVH
m| H m§o g§J«h
VWm g§gm{YV
H$aZo Ho$ CÔoí` go 8900 nwñVH m| Ho$ g§J«h
Ho$ gmW gZ²
1963 B©0
_| ñWm{nV {H$`m J`m & A^r Bg à^mJ _| 37,000 nwñVH|
g§J«{hV h¢ & 1954
B©0
_| amï´>r` nwñVH mb` Ûmam ~§Jmb
ZmJnwa aobdo B§{S>`Z B§ñQ>çyQ>,
I‹S>Jnwa {Og_| _amR>r nwñVH m| H$s AÀN>r
g§»`m h¡ {OgH$s IarX H$s JB© & ga OXwZmW
gaH$ma g§J«h
_| ^r bJ^J 350 _amR>r
nwñVH| h¢ Omo _amR>m Ad{Y Ho$ B{Vhmg go g§~§{YV
h¢ & Bg à^mJ _| H$B© Xwb©^ VWm nwamZo
_amR>r àH$meZ| h¡§ & BZ_| Hw$N> …
{d{b`_ H¡$ar H$m-_amR>m ^mfm H$m ì`mH$aU (1805)
VWm _amR>m ^mfm H$m eãXH$moe (1810) , {g§hmgZ ~Îmrgr
(1814), aKwOr
{^Zgm{b{Zhr d§emdbr (1815), d§e H|$S>r H$m--_amR>r
^mfm H$m eãXH$moe (1824), Vd H$ama (1850),
Ho$0 ^mQ>doQ>H$a
H$m aobdo H$m g§{já boIm (1854),
Mmëg© hþQ>Z
H$m ~rOJ{UV JmWm (1856), {dîUw naewam_ n[S>§V
Am¡a e§H$a nmÊSw>a§J n[S>§V
g§nm{XV VwH$mam_ H$m A^ZJmN>r JmWm (1869),
EM0 E0 AH$dW©
g§nm{XV B{Vhmg n[a{gÕ nwéfA§M ^{ñÎm`m§M
nmodS> (1891) Am{X h¢ & |
"E
gmoQ>© EH$mCÝQ> A\$ aob do' go {b`m J`m EH$
a§{JZ {MÌ (1854) |
|
|
C{‹S>`m
^mfm g§J«h
EH$ n¥WH$ C{‹S>`m
à^mJ C{‹S>`m nwñVH mo§ H$r àm{á
Ed§ g§gmYZ hoVw amï´>r` nwñVH
mb` _| 1973 B©0
_| J{R>V {H$`m J`m & Bånr[a`b bm`~«oar _|
Ho$db 133 nwñVH|
Wt, Omo ~mX _o§ ~‹‹T>>H$a 425
nwñVH| hmo
JB© & A^r Bg à^mJ _| 19500
nwñVH| h¢
&
C{‹S>`m g§J«h
_| 1831 B©0
Ho$ nhbo H$s g~go nwamZr nwñVH|$ CnbãY h¡
& `h C{‹S>`m ^mfm Ho$ aod0 E_mog gwQ>moZ H$m àma§{^H$
ì`mH$aU h¡ & Hw$N> AÝ` Xwb©^
g§J«hm| _| … O`Xod H$m JrV Jmo{dÝX, Ya{ZYma
Ûmam AZy{XV E_mog H$m C{‹S>`m eãXH$moe-3 I§S>
(1841-1843), Y_©nwñVmH
a Am{X^md (1842-1843) nwaZMÝÐ Am{X^mfm H$moe (1931-1940), JmonmbM§ÝÐ
àhamO Ûmam g§H${bV C{‹S>`m ^mfm H$m
eãXH$moe C„oIZr` h¡ & |
|
O`Xo~
H$m {JVJmo{^ÝX H$m _w»` nS>ð>m |
|
|
|
n§Om~r
^mfm g§J«h
n§Om~r ^mfm nwñVH
mo§ H$s àm{á Ed§ g§gmYZ Ho$ {bE
1974 _|
EH$ n¥WH$ à^mJ H$s ñWmnZm H$s JB© &
Bg g§J«h Ho$ A{YH$m§e H$m`©
dV©_mZ _| hr N>no h¢ & bo{H$Z A~ ^r Hw$N>
nwamZo VWm Xwb©^ n§Om~r nwñVH| BgHo$ g§J«h _| h¢ & CZ_| go Hw$N>
h¢ … {d{b`_ H¡$ar H$m n§Om~r ^mfm H$m ì`mH$aU (1812), g¡_wAb
ñQ>mH u H$m A§J«oOr n§Om~r eãXH$moe (1849), n§Om~
H$m ^m¡Jm{bH$ {MÌU (1850),
^mB© g§Vmof
qgh H$m Jwé àVmn gyaO J«ÝWmdbr (1882) VWm
JwéXmg ^mB© H$m df© (1893)
& |
 |
|
|
g§ñH¥$V,
nm{b Ed§ àmH¥$V ^mfm g§J«h
kmZ
Ho$ g^r joÌm| _| g§ñH¥$V gm{hË` gånÞ
Yamoha h¡ & g§ñH¥$V H$s nwñVH
m| H$s àm{á Ed§ g§gmYZ Ho$ {bE amï´>r`
nwñVH mb` _| `h EH$ n¥WH$ à^mJ H$m`© H$a
ahm h¡ & dV©_mZ _| Bg à^mJ _o§ XodZmJar
{b{n _| _w{ÐV g§ñH¥$V nwñVH m| H$s
g§»`m 20,000 go ^r A{YH$ h¡ & àm`…
g^r ^maVr` ^mfm à^mJm| _| CZH$s ^mfm {b{n _| _w{ÐV
g§ñH¥$V H$m`© CnbãY h¡ &
nwñVH mb` _| A§J«oOr _| VWm AÝ`
{dXoer ^mfm _| _yb g§ñH¥$V {b{n g| g§H${bV
`m AZy{XV H$m`© H$m EH$ g§nÞ g§J«h
h¡ &
g§J«h
BVZm gånÞ h¡ {H$ `h {dÛmZm| H$mo gX¡d
AmH${f©V H$aVm ahm h¡ Mmho do ^maVr` hmo `m {dXoer
& g§ñH¥$V Ho$ A{V[aº$, nm{b VWm àmH¥$V
^mfm H$s nwñVH| Bg à^mJ Ûmam ^r g§J«{hV
VWm g§gm{YV H$s JB© h¢ & dV©_mZ _| nwñVH
mb` _| nm{b H$s bJ^J 500
nwñVH|
h¢ Am¡a àmH¥$V _| ^r nwñVH m| H$s
g§»`m BVZr hr h¡ & |
|
|
qgYr
^mfm g§J«h
1957 go,
qgYr nwñVH| amï´>r` nwñVH mb` _|
gå_m{hV H$s Om ahr h¢ & dV©_mZ _| nwñVH
mb` _| qgYr nwñVH| 2,100 h¡§ & Bg g§J«h
_| emh AãXwb b{V\$ H$m emh Omo agmbmo§ VWm emh Omo
ímoa O¡go nwañH¥$V H$m`© ^r gpå_{bV
h¡§ & |
|
|
V{_b
^mfm g§J«h
V{_b à^mJ nwñVH
mb` _| 1963 B©0
_| J{R>V {H$`m J`m & dV©_mZ _| Bg à^mJ _| 57,000 nwñVHo$
h¡ § & BZHo$ A{V[aº$ ì`ny ar{n„mB©
g§J«h _| 1000 V{_b nwñVH|$ VWm 300 V{_b
nmÊSw>{b{n`m h¢ & nwñVH mb` _| H$m\$s
Xwb©^ VWm nwamZo V{_b H$m`© h¢ & Bg nwñVH
mb` _| CnbãY g~go nwamZr V{_b nwñVH m| _| …
V{_b ~mB~b (1779); OmZ ~{Z`mZ H$m nr{b{J«åg àmoJ«og
H$m V{_b AZwdmX (1793); JoëS>dob H$m Ð{d‹S>
^mfm H$m VwbZmË_H$ ì`mH$aU
(1850) JoëS>dob
H$m Ð{d‹S> ^mfm H$m VwbZmË_H$ ì`mH$aU |
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~mB©~ob
H$m V{_b AZwdmX (1723) |
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VobwJy
^mfm g§J«h
amï´>r`
nwñVH mb` _| VobwJy à^mJ H$m
1963 B©0
_| JR>Z {H$`m J`m & BgHo$ g§J«h _| 19
dr§ eVmãXr
Ho$ àW_ XeH$ H$s àH$m{eV VobwJy H$s nwamZr nwñVH
m| H$r g§»`m H$m\$s AÀN>r h¡ &
BgHo$ g§J«h _| VobwJy ^mfm H$s Hw$N>
Xwb©^ nwñVH m| _| à_wI h¡… {d{b`_
H¡$ar H$m VobwJy ^mfm H$m ì`mH$aU (1814);
gr0 nr0 ~«mCZ
H$m Am¡a A§J«oOr eãXmdbr (1818); dmŠ`mdbr
(1852); {~«{Q>e
bm`~«oar, b§XZ _| VobwJy nwñVH mo H$m H¡$Q>bm±J
(1912) Eb0 S>r0 ~Z}Q>
Ûmam g§H${bV & |
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CX©y
^mfm g§J«h
Aa~r Am¡a n{g©`Z
g§J«h H$s Vah, CX©y ^mfm g§J«h ^r Bånr[a`b bm`~«oar
Ho$ {XZm| _| hr H$m\$s {dH${gV hmo MwH$m Wm & ~whma bm`~«oar,
{hXm`V hþg¡Z g§J«h, OmH$m{a`m g§J«h, B_m_~mam g§J«h _| ^r Hw$N> CX©y H$s
nwñVH| VWm nmÊSw>{b{n`m§ h¢ & 1968 B©0
_| CX©y H$m EH$ n¥WH$ à^mJ nwñVH mb` _|
J{R>V {H$`m J`m & dV©_mZ _| BgH$o g§J«h _| 20,000
go ^r A{YH$ nwñVH|
h¢ & CZ_| Bg g§J«h _| g~go nwamZr nwñVH m| _| h¢
… CbmIr {hÝXr `m B§{S>`Z B{WŠg (1803), _ra
_mohå_X VmH$sg Hw${b`V-E-_ra (1811) & |
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